How to check a dog's teeth for signs of dental disease

Learn how to inspect your dog's mouth for early signs of dental issues like tartar, gingivitis, and broken teeth to keep them comfortable and healthy.

Dental health is a cornerstone of your dog's overall wellbeing, yet it is often overlooked until a painful problem develops. By learning how to check a dog's teeth for signs of dental disease at home, you can identify early warning signs like tartar buildup, inflamed gums, or loose teeth before they require invasive treatment. This guide helps you perform a basic visual inspection to keep your canine companion healthy and comfortable. Please note that while a home check is a useful tool, it does not replace a professional exam by a veterinarian. If you notice persistent bad breath, bleeding gums, or your dog shows reluctance to eat, you should schedule a visit to a local vets immediately.

How to safely examine your dog's mouth

To safely inspect your dog's mouth, you must first ensure the animal is calm and comfortable with having its muzzle handled. Start by gently lifting the upper lip while the dog is relaxed, ideally during a quiet moment when they are already sitting or lying down. Do not force the jaw open if the dog shows signs of stress, such as pulling away, snapping, or tucking its tail. If your dog is resistant, take a slow approach over several days by offering treats for letting you touch their face before attempting a full look at the teeth. Always prioritize your safety and the dog's comfort over getting a perfect view.

What does healthy versus diseased gum tissue look like?

Healthy gum tissue in most dogs is firm and a light pink color, though some breeds naturally have pigmented or black gums. You are looking for signs of gingivitis, which manifests as red, swollen, or bleeding gum lines where the tooth meets the gum. If the gums look bright red or appear to be receding, this is a clear indication of inflammation or periodontal disease. In cases of advanced disease, you might see exposed tooth roots or significant gum recession that makes the teeth look abnormally long. If the gums are pale, white, or yellow instead of pink, this could indicate a systemic health issue rather than just a dental one, and you should call a vet for advice.

How do I identify tartar and plaque buildup?

Plaque is a soft, sticky film of bacteria that accumulates on the teeth, while tartar is the hardened, yellowish or brown mineral deposit that cannot be removed by simple brushing. Check the outer surfaces of the upper molars and canines first, as these areas tend to collect the most debris. If you see a thick, crusty layer near the gum line, that is tartar. While a small amount of plaque is common, heavy tartar indicates that professional scaling is likely needed to prevent further gum damage. Use a flashlight to get a clear view, as the back of the mouth is often dark and difficult to inspect without proper lighting.

What are the warning signs of a broken or infected tooth?

Signs of a broken or infected tooth include localized swelling, a chipped surface, or a tooth that looks significantly darker than the surrounding teeth. Sometimes, you may notice the dog favoring one side of the mouth while chewing, dropping food, or showing a sudden lack of interest in hard treats or toys. If you see pus or discharge near the tooth root, or if the dog exhibits signs of pain like pawing at the mouth, this is an urgent matter. Dental abscesses can lead to systemic infections if left untreated. If you spot these symptoms, avoid trying to poke or clean the area yourself and instead get a professional diagnosis.