When considering a new canine companion, learning how to check a dog's eyes for health issues before you buy can save you from unexpected medical expenses and long-term heartache. A visual inspection of the eyes is a critical part of a pre-purchase assessment, as many common conditions are visible to the naked eye if you know what to look for and approach the task with patience.
How to check a dog's eyes for health issues before you buy
To perform a basic visual inspection, find an area with bright, natural light and look closely at the eyes from a few different angles. You are looking for symmetry, clarity, and the absence of abnormal discharge or tissue changes, which can indicate anything from minor irritation to chronic genetic conditions.
Start by observing the dog from a short distance to see if they are blinking excessively, squinting, or keeping one eye closed. If the dog seems sensitive to light, this is a red flag. Move closer to look at the whites of the eyes, known as the sclera. They should be white, not yellow, red, or intensely bloodshot. While a few small vessels are normal, large, inflamed veins or a generalized pink hue suggest inflammation or infection. If you notice any of these signs, it is time to consult a vets professional for a formal examination before making any commitment.
What does normal eye discharge look like?
Normal canine eye discharge is usually clear, thin, and minimal, often found as a small amount of dried matter in the corner of the eye after sleep. Any discharge that is thick, yellow, green, or persistent throughout the day is abnormal and warrants investigation.
If the discharge is accompanied by a matted, crusty appearance on the fur around the eyes, the dog may have an underlying infection or a condition causing excessive tearing. Some breeds, particularly those with short noses or prominent, bulging eyes, are more prone to "tear staining," which is a reddish-brown discoloration of the fur. While this is often cosmetic, it can also be a sign of blocked tear ducts or chronic irritation. Always ask the owner if the dog has a history of eye infections or if they have ever been diagnosed with conditions like cherry eye or entropion.
How to spot signs of cataracts or corneal damage
To check for cataracts or cloudiness, look directly into the pupil in a well-lit room. The lens behind the pupil should be clear, allowing you to see deep into the eye; if it appears milky, grey, or opaque, this may indicate cataracts, which can cause varying degrees of vision loss.
Corneal damage is another concern, often appearing as a white or bluish film on the surface of the eye. This can result from previous injuries, ulcers, or dry eye syndrome. Use a flashlight held to the side of the eye to see if the surface reflects light evenly. If the reflection is distorted or there are visible pits or rough patches on the surface, the cornea may be damaged. This is not something a buyer should attempt to diagnose; if you suspect any cloudiness or surface damage, ask the owner for medical records confirming the dog's ocular health status.
What should I ask the owner about eye history?
When you are ready to speak with the seller, ask specifically if the dog has ever been screened by a veterinary ophthalmologist. Many breeds have hereditary predispositions to eye diseases, and responsible owners will often have documentation from specialists confirming that the parents were cleared of these issues.
Ask if the dog has any history of recurring eye redness, swelling, or squinting. Inquire about whether the dog has been treated for eye drops or ointments in the past. If the dog is an older animal, ask if there has been any noticeable change in their behavior, such as bumping into furniture or hesitation when navigating stairs, which could indicate failing vision. If you have any doubt about the dog's ocular health after your inspection, do not hesitate to request a professional veterinary check. It is far better to be cautious before bringing a new pet home. You can find experienced practitioners through listings or local vet directories to help you make an informed decision.
